Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology in energy storage in many applications, such as electric vehicles, microgrids, satellites, and in integrating fluctuating renewable energy sources. The batteries have high energy densities both gravimetric and volumetric. The module will create an understanding of the operation of the batteries in relation to other energy storage technologies as well as the mechanical and chemical construction.

The technology has a very complex and nonlinear characteristic in relation to degradation and service life, which requires a very precise control of the batteries' temperature, voltage and how the batteries are generally charged and discharged. A precise understanding of these characteristics throughout battery life is therefore required for optimal performance.

Various methods for defining and modelling battery performance from both an electrical and lifetime perspective are introduced in the module. The models will be based on data from laboratory experiments from the Department of Energy on different types of lithium-ion batteries. The models are used to examine the "State-Of-Charge" (SOC) and "State-Of-Health" (SOH) of the batteries.